# Modules¶

class sage.categories.modules.Modules(base, name=None)

The category of all modules over a base ring $$R$$.

An $$R$$-module $$M$$ is a left and right $$R$$-module over a commutative ring $$R$$ such that:

$r*(x*s) = (r*x)*s \qquad \forall r,s \in R \text{ and } x \in M$

INPUT:

• base_ring – a ring $$R$$ or subcategory of Rings()
• dispatch – a boolean (for internal use; default: True)

When the base ring is a field, the category of vector spaces is returned instead (unless dispatch == False).

Warning

Outside of the context of symmetric modules over a commutative ring, the specifications of this category are fuzzy and not yet set in stone (see below). The code in this category and its subcategories is therefore prone to bugs or arbitrary limitations in this case.

EXAMPLES:

sage: Modules(ZZ)
Category of modules over Integer Ring
sage: Modules(QQ)
Category of vector spaces over Rational Field

sage: Modules(Rings())
Category of modules over rings
sage: Modules(FiniteFields())
Category of vector spaces over finite fields

sage: Modules(Integers(9))
Category of modules over Ring of integers modulo 9

sage: Modules(Integers(9)).super_categories()
[Category of bimodules over Ring of integers modulo 9 on the left and Ring of integers modulo 9 on the right]

sage: Modules(ZZ).super_categories()
[Category of bimodules over Integer Ring on the left and Integer Ring on the right]

sage: Modules == RingModules
True

sage: Modules(ZZ[x]).is_abelian()   # see #6081
True


TESTS:

sage: TestSuite(Modules(ZZ)).run()


Todo

• Clarify the distinction, if any, with BiModules(R, R). In particular, if $$R$$ is a commutative ring (e.g. a field), some pieces of the code possibly assume that $$M$$ is a symmetric R-R-bimodule:

$r*x = x*r \qquad \forall r \in R \text{ and } x \in M$
• Make sure that non symmetric modules are properly supported by all the code, and advertise it.

• Make sure that non commutative rings are properly supported by all the code, and advertise it.

• Add support for base semirings.

• Implement a FreeModules(R) category, when so prompted by a concrete use case: e.g. modeling a free module with several bases (using Sets.SubcategoryMethods.Realizations()) or with an atlas of local maps (see e.g. trac ticket #15916).

class ElementMethods
class Modules.EndCategory(category, name=None)

The category of endomorphism sets $$End(X)$$ for $$X$$ module (this is not used yet)

extra_super_categories()

EXAMPLES:

sage: Hom(ZZ^3, ZZ^3).category().extra_super_categories() # todo: not implemented
[Category of algebras over Integer Ring]

class Modules.FiniteDimensional(base_category)

TESTS:

sage: C = Modules(ZZ).FiniteDimensional(); C
Category of finite dimensional modules over Integer Ring
sage: type(C)
<class 'sage.categories.modules.Modules.FiniteDimensional_with_category'>
sage: type(C).__base__.__base__
<class 'sage.categories.category_with_axiom.CategoryWithAxiom_over_base_ring'>

sage: TestSuite(C).run()

extra_super_categories()

Implements the fact that a finite dimensional module over a finite ring is finite.

EXAMPLES:

sage: Modules(IntegerModRing(4)).FiniteDimensional().extra_super_categories()
[Category of finite sets]
sage: Modules(ZZ).FiniteDimensional().extra_super_categories()
[]
sage: Modules(GF(5)).FiniteDimensional().is_subcategory(Sets().Finite())
True
sage: Modules(ZZ).FiniteDimensional().is_subcategory(Sets().Finite())
False


class Modules.HomCategory(category, name=None)

The category of homomorphism sets $$\hom(X,Y)$$ for $$X$$, $$Y$$ modules.

class ParentMethods
base_ring()

Return the base ring of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: E = CombinatorialFreeModule(ZZ, [1,2,3])
sage: F = CombinatorialFreeModule(ZZ, [2,3,4])
sage: H = Hom(E, F)
sage: H.base_ring()
Integer Ring


This base_ring method is actually overridden by sage.structure.category_object.CategoryObject.base_ring():

sage: H.base_ring.__module__


Here we call it directly:

sage: method = H.category().parent_class.base_ring
sage: method.__get__(H)()
Integer Ring

zero()

EXAMPLES:

sage: E = CombinatorialFreeModule(ZZ, [1,2,3])
sage: F = CombinatorialFreeModule(ZZ, [2,3,4])
sage: H = Hom(E, F)
sage: f = H.zero()
sage: f
Generic morphism:
From: Free module generated by {1, 2, 3} over Integer Ring
To:   Free module generated by {2, 3, 4} over Integer Ring
sage: f(E.monomial(2))
0
sage: f(E.monomial(3)) == F.zero()
True


TESTS:

We check that H.zero() is picklable:

sage: loads(dumps(f.parent().zero()))
Generic morphism:
From: Free module generated by {1, 2, 3} over Integer Ring
To:   Free module generated by {2, 3, 4} over Integer Ring

Modules.HomCategory.extra_super_categories()

EXAMPLES:

sage: Modules(ZZ).hom_category().extra_super_categories()
[Category of modules over Integer Ring]

class Modules.ParentMethods
class Modules.SubcategoryMethods
DualObjects()

Return the category of spaces constructed as duals of spaces of self.

The dual of a vector space $$V$$ is the space consisting of all linear functionals on $$V$$ (see Wikipedia article Dual_space). Additional structure on $$V$$ can endow its dual with additional structure; for example, if $$V$$ is a finite dimensional algebra, then its dual is a coalgebra.

This returns the category of spaces constructed as dual of spaces in self, endowed with the appropriate additional structure.

Warning

• This semantic of dual and DualObject is imposed on all subcategories, in particular to make dual a covariant functorial construction.

A subcategory that defines a different notion of dual needs to use a different name.

• Typically, the category of graded modules should define a separate graded_dual construction (see trac ticket #15647). For now the two constructions are not distinguished which is an oversimplified model.

EXAMPLES:

sage: VectorSpaces(QQ).DualObjects()
Category of duals of vector spaces over Rational Field


The dual of a vector space is a vector space:

sage: VectorSpaces(QQ).DualObjects().super_categories()
[Category of vector spaces over Rational Field]


The dual of an algebra is a coalgebra:

sage: sorted(Algebras(QQ).DualObjects().super_categories(), key=str)
[Category of coalgebras over Rational Field,
Category of duals of vector spaces over Rational Field]


The dual of a coalgebra is an algebra:

sage: sorted(Coalgebras(QQ).DualObjects().super_categories(), key=str)
[Category of algebras over Rational Field,
Category of duals of vector spaces over Rational Field]


As a shorthand, this category can be accessed with the dual() method:

sage: VectorSpaces(QQ).dual()
Category of duals of vector spaces over Rational Field


TESTS:

sage: C = VectorSpaces(QQ).DualObjects()
sage: C.base_category()
Category of vector spaces over Rational Field
sage: C.super_categories()
[Category of vector spaces over Rational Field]
sage: latex(C)
\mathbf{DualObjects}(\mathbf{VectorSpaces}_{\Bold{Q}})
sage: TestSuite(C).run()

FiniteDimensional()

Return the full subcategory of the finite dimensional objects of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: Modules(ZZ).FiniteDimensional()
Category of finite dimensional modules over Integer Ring
sage: Coalgebras(QQ).FiniteDimensional()
Category of finite dimensional coalgebras over Rational Field
sage: AlgebrasWithBasis(QQ).FiniteDimensional()
Category of finite dimensional algebras with basis over Rational Field


TESTS:

sage: TestSuite(Modules(ZZ).FiniteDimensional()).run()
sage: Coalgebras(QQ).FiniteDimensional.__module__
'sage.categories.modules'


Return the subcategory of the graded objects of self.

INPUT:

- base_ring -- this is ignored


EXAMPLES:

sage: Modules(ZZ).Graded()
Category of graded modules over Integer Ring

Join of Category of graded modules over Rational Field and Category of coalgebras over Rational Field

Category of graded algebras with basis over Rational Field


Todo

• Explain why this does not commute with WithBasis()
• Improve the support for covariant functorial constructions categories over a base ring so as to get rid of the base_ring argument.

TESTS:

sage: Coalgebras(QQ).Graded.__module__
'sage.categories.modules'

TensorProducts()

Return the full subcategory of objects of self constructed as tensor products.

EXAMPLES:

sage: ModulesWithBasis(QQ).TensorProducts()
Category of tensor products of modules with basis over Rational Field

WithBasis()

Return the full subcategory of the objects of self with a distinguished basis.

EXAMPLES:

sage: Modules(ZZ).WithBasis()
Category of modules with basis over Integer Ring
sage: Coalgebras(QQ).WithBasis()
Category of coalgebras with basis over Rational Field
sage: AlgebrasWithBasis(QQ).WithBasis()
Category of algebras with basis over Rational Field


TESTS:

sage: TestSuite(Modules(ZZ).WithBasis()).run()
sage: Coalgebras(QQ).WithBasis.__module__
'sage.categories.modules'

base_ring()

Return the base ring (category) for self.

This implements a base_ring method for join categories which are subcategories of some Modules(K).

Todo

handle base being a category

Note

• This uses the fact that join categories are flattened; thus some direct subcategory of self should be a category over a base ring.
• Generalize this to any Category_over_base_ring.
• Should this code be in JoinCategory?
• This assumes that a subcategory of a :class~.category_types.Category_over_base_ring is a JoinCategory or a :class~.category_types.Category_over_base_ring.

EXAMPLES:

sage: C = Modules(QQ) & Semigroups(); C
Join of Category of semigroups and Category of vector spaces over Rational Field
sage: C.base_ring()
Rational Field
sage: C.base_ring.__module__
'sage.categories.modules'

dual()

Return the category of spaces constructed as duals of spaces of self.

The dual of a vector space $$V$$ is the space consisting of all linear functionals on $$V$$ (see Wikipedia article Dual_space). Additional structure on $$V$$ can endow its dual with additional structure; for example, if $$V$$ is a finite dimensional algebra, then its dual is a coalgebra.

This returns the category of spaces constructed as dual of spaces in self, endowed with the appropriate additional structure.

Warning

• This semantic of dual and DualObject is imposed on all subcategories, in particular to make dual a covariant functorial construction.

A subcategory that defines a different notion of dual needs to use a different name.

• Typically, the category of graded modules should define a separate graded_dual construction (see trac ticket #15647). For now the two constructions are not distinguished which is an oversimplified model.

EXAMPLES:

sage: VectorSpaces(QQ).DualObjects()
Category of duals of vector spaces over Rational Field


The dual of a vector space is a vector space:

sage: VectorSpaces(QQ).DualObjects().super_categories()
[Category of vector spaces over Rational Field]


The dual of an algebra is a coalgebra:

sage: sorted(Algebras(QQ).DualObjects().super_categories(), key=str)
[Category of coalgebras over Rational Field,
Category of duals of vector spaces over Rational Field]


The dual of a coalgebra is an algebra:

sage: sorted(Coalgebras(QQ).DualObjects().super_categories(), key=str)
[Category of algebras over Rational Field,
Category of duals of vector spaces over Rational Field]


As a shorthand, this category can be accessed with the dual() method:

sage: VectorSpaces(QQ).dual()
Category of duals of vector spaces over Rational Field


TESTS:

sage: C = VectorSpaces(QQ).DualObjects()
sage: C.base_category()
Category of vector spaces over Rational Field
sage: C.super_categories()
[Category of vector spaces over Rational Field]
sage: latex(C)
\mathbf{DualObjects}(\mathbf{VectorSpaces}_{\Bold{Q}})
sage: TestSuite(C).run()

Modules.WithBasis

alias of ModulesWithBasis

Modules.super_categories()

EXAMPLES:

sage: Modules(ZZ).super_categories()
[Category of bimodules over Integer Ring on the left and Integer Ring on the right]


Nota bene:

sage: Modules(QQ)
Category of vector spaces over Rational Field
sage: Modules(QQ).super_categories()
[Category of modules over Rational Field]


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