# Generalized Functions¶

Sage implements several generalized functions (also known as distributions) such as Dirac delta, Heaviside step functions. These generalized functions can be manipulated within Sage like any other symbolic functions.

AUTHORS:

• Golam Mortuza Hossain (2009-06-26): initial version

EXAMPLES:

Dirac delta function:

sage: dirac_delta(x)
dirac_delta(x)


Heaviside step function:

sage: heaviside(x)
heaviside(x)


Unit step function:

sage: unit_step(x)
unit_step(x)


Signum (sgn) function:

sage: sgn(x)
sgn(x)


Kronecker delta function:

sage: m,n=var('m,n')
sage: kronecker_delta(m,n)
kronecker_delta(m, n)

class sage.functions.generalized.FunctionDiracDelta

The Dirac delta (generalized) function, $$\delta(x)$$ (dirac_delta(x)).

INPUT:

• x - a real number or a symbolic expression

DEFINITION:

Dirac delta function $$\delta(x)$$, is defined in Sage as:

$$\delta(x) = 0$$ for real $$x \ne 0$$ and $$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \delta(x) dx = 1$$

Its alternate definition with respect to an arbitrary test function $$f(x)$$ is

$$\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x) \delta(x-a) dx = f(a)$$

EXAMPLES:

sage: dirac_delta(1)
0
sage: dirac_delta(0)
dirac_delta(0)
sage: dirac_delta(x)
dirac_delta(x)


REFERENCES:

class sage.functions.generalized.FunctionHeaviside

The Heaviside step function, $$H(x)$$ (heaviside(x)).

INPUT:

• x - a real number or a symbolic expression

DEFINITION:

The Heaviside step function, $$H(x)$$ is defined in Sage as:

$$H(x) = 0$$ for $$x < 0$$ and $$H(x) = 1$$ for $$x > 0$$

EXAMPLES:

sage: heaviside(-1)
0
sage: heaviside(1)
1
sage: heaviside(0)
heaviside(0)
sage: heaviside(x)
heaviside(x)


REFERENCES:

class sage.functions.generalized.FunctionKroneckerDelta

The Kronecker delta function $$\delta_{m,n}$$ (kronecker_delta(m, n)).

INPUT:

• m - a number or a symbolic expression
• n - a number or a symbolic expression

DEFINITION:

Kronecker delta function $$\delta_{m,n}$$ is defined as:

$$\delta_{m,n} = 0$$ for $$m \ne n$$ and $$\delta_{m,n} = 1$$ for $$m = n$$

EXAMPLES:

sage: kronecker_delta(1,2)
0
sage: kronecker_delta(1,1)
1
sage: m,n=var('m,n')
sage: kronecker_delta(m,n)
kronecker_delta(m, n)


REFERENCES:

class sage.functions.generalized.FunctionSignum

The signum or sgn function $$\mathrm{sgn}(x)$$ (sgn(x)).

INPUT:

• x - a real number or a symbolic expression

DEFINITION:

The sgn function, $$\mathrm{sgn}(x)$$ is defined as:

$$\mathrm{sgn}(x) = 1$$ for $$x > 0$$, $$\mathrm{sgn}(x) = 0$$ for $$x = 0$$ and $$\mathrm{sgn}(x) = -1$$ for $$x < 0$$

EXAMPLES:

sage: sgn(-1)
-1
sage: sgn(1)
1
sage: sgn(0)
0
sage: sgn(x)
sgn(x)


We can also use sign:

sage: sign(1)
1
sage: sign(0)
0
sage: a = AA(-5).nth_root(7)
sage: sign(a)
-1


TESTS:

Check if conversion to sympy works #11921:

sage: sgn(x)._sympy_()
sign(x)


REFERENCES:

class sage.functions.generalized.FunctionUnitStep

The unit step function, $$\mathrm{u}(x)$$ (unit_step(x)).

INPUT:

• x - a real number or a symbolic expression

DEFINITION:

The unit step function, $$\mathrm{u}(x)$$ is defined in Sage as:

$$\mathrm{u}(x) = 0$$ for $$x < 0$$ and $$\mathrm{u}(x) = 1$$ for $$x \geq 0$$

EXAMPLES:

sage: unit_step(-1)
0
sage: unit_step(1)
1
sage: unit_step(0)
1
sage: unit_step(x)
unit_step(x)


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