# The universal cyclotomic field (UCF)¶

Implementation of the universal cyclotomic field using the Zumbroich basis. The universal cyclotomic field is the smallest subfield of the complex field containing all roots of unity.

REFERENCES:

 [Bre97] (1, 2, 3) Breuer “Integral bases for subfields of cyclotomic fields” AAECC 8, 279–289 (1997).

AUTHORS:

• Christian Stump

Note

• This function behaves exactly like the Cyclotomics in GAP.
• The universal cyclotomic field is used to work with non-crystallographic reflection groups. E.g., to work with elements as matrices, computing reflecting hyperplanes, and characters.
• To multiply matrices over the universal cyclotomic field, it is still much faster to coerce it to a cyclotomic field and to the computation there.

Todo

• implementation of matrices over the universal cyclotomic field.
• speed improvements of the cythonized methods.
• speed improvements for scalar multiples.
• Remove the inheritance from Field and FieldElement as soon as the methods is_field(proof=True) is implemented in the Fields category.

EXAMPLES:

The universal cyclotomic field is constructed using:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField(); UCF
Universal Cyclotomic Field


One can as well construct it through CyclotomicField():

sage: UCF = CyclotomicField(); UCF
Universal Cyclotomic Field


The cyclotomics themselves are accessable through:

sage: UCF.gen(5)
E(5)
sage: UCF.gen(5,2)
E(5)^2


or the alias:

sage: UCF.gen(5)
E(5)
sage: UCF.gen(5,2)
E(5)^2


One can as well access the universal cyclotomic field using:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField();
sage: E(5)
E(5)


Other names are supported as well:

sage: UCF.<zeta> = UniversalCyclotomicField();
sage: zeta(5)
zeta(5)


As are other bracketings:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField(bracket='');
sage: E(5)
E5

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField(bracket="[]");
sage: E(5)
E[5]

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField(bracket="(ABCXYZ)");
sage: E(5)
E(ABC5XYZ)


We use the generator “E” and the standard bracketing throughout this file:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField();


Some very first examples:

sage: E(2)
-1
sage: E(3)
E(3)
sage: E(6)
-E(3)^2


Equality and inequality checks:

sage: E(6,2) == E(6)^2 == E(3)
True

sage: E(6)^2 != E(3)
False


sage: E(2) * E(3)
-E(3)
sage: f = E(2) + E(3); f
2*E(3) + E(3)^2


Inverses:

sage: f^-1
1/3*E(3) + 2/3*E(3)^2
sage: f.inverse()
1/3*E(3) + 2/3*E(3)^2
sage: f * f.inverse()
1


Complex conjugation:

sage: f.conjugate()
E(3) + 2*E(3)^2


Galois conjugation:

sage: f.galois_conjugates()
[2*E(3) + E(3)^2, E(3) + 2*E(3)^2]
sage: f.norm_of_galois_extension()
3


Coercion to the algebraic field QQbar:

sage: QQbar(E(3))
-0.500000000000000? + 0.866025403784439?*I
sage: QQbar(f)
-1.500000000000000? + 0.866025403784439?*I


Partial conversion to the real algebraic field AA:

sage: AA(E(5)+E(5).conjugate())
0.618033988749895?

sage: AA(E(5))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: No conversion of E(5) to the real algebraic field AA.


One can as well define the universal cyclotomic field without any embedding:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField(embedding=None); UCF
Universal Cyclotomic Field

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField(embedding=False); UCF
Universal Cyclotomic Field

sage: QQbar(E(5))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Illegal initializer for algebraic number


Conversion to CyclotomicField:

Warning

This is only possible if self has the standard embedding

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: E(5).to_cyclotomic_field()
zeta5

sage: f = E(2) + E(3)
sage: f.to_cyclotomic_field()
zeta3 - 1

sage: CF = CyclotomicField(5)
sage: CF(E(5))
zeta5

sage: CF = CyclotomicField(7)
sage: CF(E(5))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: The element E(5) cannot be converted to Cyclotomic Field of order 7 and degree 6

sage: CF = CyclotomicField(10)
sage: CF(E(5))
zeta10^2


Conversions to and from GAP:

sage: a = gap('E(6)'); a
-E(3)^2
sage: a.parent()
Gap

sage: b = UCF.from_gap(a); b
-E(3)^2
sage: b.parent()
Universal Cyclotomic Field

sage: gap(b)
-E(3)^2


Conversions to and from the cyclotomic field:

sage: a = E(6).to_cyclotomic_field(); a
zeta3 + 1

sage: UCF.from_cyclotomic_field(a)
-E(3)^2


One can also do basic arithmetics with matrices over the universal cyclotomic field:

sage: m = matrix(2,[E(3),1,1,E(4)]); m
[E(3)    1]
[   1 E(4)]
sage: m.parent()
Full MatrixSpace of 2 by 2 dense matrices over Universal Cyclotomic Field

sage: m^2
[                       -E(3) E(12)^4 - E(12)^7 - E(12)^11]
[E(12)^4 - E(12)^7 - E(12)^11                            0]

sage: -m
[-E(3)    -1]
[   -1 -E(4)]


And compute its characteristic polynomial, echelon form, pivots, and thus its rank:

sage: m.charpoly()
x^2 + (-E(12)^4 + E(12)^7 + E(12)^11)*x + E(12)^4 + E(12)^7 + E(12)^8

sage: m.echelon_form()
[1 0]
[0 1]

sage: m.pivots()
(0, 1)

sage: m.rank()
2


The eigenvalues do not (yet) work:

sage: m.eigenvalues() # not implemented
...
NotImplementedError:


A long real life test. Computing N3 is much faster than computing N2 which is again 3 times faster than computing N1:

sage: W = gap3.ComplexReflectionGroup(14)       #optional - gap3 # long time
sage: UC = W.UnipotentCharacters()              #optional - gap3 # long time
sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField();     #optional - gap3 # long time
sage: M = matrix(UCF,UC.families[2].fourierMat) #optional - gap3 # long time
sage: N1 = M*M                                  #optional - gap3 # long time

sage: N2 = UCF._matrix_mult(M,M)                #optional - gap3 # long time
sage: CF = CyclotomicField(24)                  #optional - gap3 # long time
sage: M = matrix(CF,M)                          #optional - gap3 # long time
sage: N3 = matrix(UCF,M*M)                      #optional - gap3 # long time
sage: N1 == N2 == N3                            #optional - gap3 # long time
True


TESTS:

As an indication that everything works, we start with a test that we obtain the same answers as in GAP:

sage: all(str(E(n,k)).translate(None,' ') == gap.execute('E('+str(n)+')^'+str(k)).translate(None,'\n ') for n in range(1,15) for k in range(n))
True


The following didn’t work first:

sage: str(-E(9)^4-E(9)^7).translate(None,' ') == gap.execute('-E(9)^4-E(9)^7').translate(None,'\n ')
True
sage: str(-E(9)^5-E(9)^8).translate(None,' ') == gap.execute('-E(9)^5-E(9)^8').translate(None,'\n ')
True

class sage.rings.universal_cyclotomic_field.universal_cyclotomic_field.UniversalCyclotomicField(names='E', bracket='()', embedding=True)

The universal cyclotomic field, which is the smallest field containing the rational numbers together with all roots of unity.

Its elements are represented as linear combinations of the so-called Zumbroich basis.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField(); UCF
Universal Cyclotomic Field
sage: E(12)
-E(12)^7
sage: E(12) in UCF
True


One also has access to the universal cyclotomic field using the function CyclotomicField():

sage: UCF = CyclotomicField(); UCF
Universal Cyclotomic Field


One can also construct a vector space over the universal cyclotomic field:

sage: UCF^3
Vector space of dimension 3 over Universal Cyclotomic Field

class Element(parent, value)

An element of the universal cyclotomic field.

abs()

Return the absolute value of this element.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: E(3).abs()
1

sage: x = 2*E(3); x.abs()
2

sage: x = E(3)+E(4); x.abs()
1.931851652578137?


If no embedding is given, an error is raised:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField(embedding=None)
sage: E(3).abs()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Universal Cyclotomic Field has no embedding defined.

coefficient(mon)

Returns the coefficient of mon in self.

Parameters: mon – an element in the Zumbroich basis

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: E(6)
-E(3)^2

sage: E(6).coefficient((3,2))
-1

sage: E(6).coefficient((3,1))
0


Alternatively, one can use indexed access:

sage: E(6)[(3,2)]
-1

conjugate()

Returns the complex conjugate of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: E(3).conjugate()
E(3)^2

sage: E(4).conjugate()
-E(4)


Note

the conjugate of a monomial is always a monomial or the negation thereof.

field_order()

Returns the order of the smallest field containing self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: E(4).field_order()
4

sage: E(6).field_order()
3

galois_conjugates(m=None)

Returns all Galois conjugates of self.

Those are the elements in the universal cyclotomic field obtained from self by substituting $$\zeta_n$$ by $$\zeta_n^k$$ for all $${\rm gcd}(n,k)=1$$. Remark that for odd primes, the Galois conjugates permutes the Zumbroich basis. The first Galois conjugate in the list is self.

Parameters: m – if given, it must be a multiple of field_order(); the Galois conjugates are then computed with respect to the cyclotomics of order m

OUTPUT:

• a list $$[p_{i_1},...,p_{i_{max}}]$$, where $$p_{i_j}$$ is obtained from self by substituting $$E(n)$$ by $$E(n)^{i_j}$$ and where $$i_j$$ is the $$j$$-th integer coprime to n

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: E(6).galois_conjugates()
[-E(3)^2, -E(3)]

sage: E(6).galois_conjugates(6)
[-E(3)^2, -E(3)]

sage: E(6).galois_conjugates(12)
[-E(3)^2, -E(3), -E(3)^2, -E(3)]

sage: E(8).galois_conjugates()
[E(8), E(8)^3, -E(8), -E(8)^3]

sage: E(8).galois_conjugates(16)
[E(8), E(8)^3, -E(8), -E(8)^3, E(8), E(8)^3, -E(8), -E(8)^3]

sage: E(9).galois_conjugates()
[-E(9)^4 - E(9)^7, E(9)^2, E(9)^4, E(9)^5, E(9)^7, -E(9)^2 - E(9)^5]

sage: E(11).galois_conjugates()
[E(11), E(11)^2, E(11)^3, E(11)^4, E(11)^5, E(11)^6, E(11)^7, E(11)^8, E(11)^9, E(11)^10]

sage: E(6).galois_conjugates(5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The given integer (5) is not a multiple of the field order of -E(3)^2.

inverse()

Returns the inverse of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: f = 2 * E(3) + E(4); f
2*E(12)^4 - E(12)^7 - E(12)^11

sage: f.inverse()
2/13*E(12)^4 - 3/13*E(12)^7 + 8/13*E(12)^8 + 1/13*E(12)^11

sage: f * f.inverse()
1

is_one()

Returns True if self is one.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: E(3).is_one()
False

sage: UCF(1).is_one()
True

is_rational()

Returns True if self is rational.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: E(3).is_rational()
False

sage: UCF(1/3).is_rational()
True

sage: UCF(0).is_rational()
True

is_real()

Returns True if self is real.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: E(5).is_real()
False

sage: (E(5)^2 + E(5)^3).is_real()
True

sage: (E(5)^4 + E(5)^3).is_real()
False

is_real_positive()

Returns True if self is real and positive.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: (E(5)^2 + E(5)^3).is_real_positive()
False

sage: (-E(5)^4 - E(5)^3).is_real_positive()
False

minpoly(var='x')

The minimal polynomial of self element over $$\QQ$$.

Parameters: var (optional, default:'x') – the minimal polynomial is defined over a polynomial ring in a variable with this name

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: UCF(4).minpoly()
x - 4

sage: UCF(4).minpoly(var='y')
y - 4

sage: E(3).minpoly()
x^2 + x + 1

sage: E(3).minpoly(var='y')
y^2 + y + 1


TESTS:

sage: x = UCF(4)
sage: x.minpoly() == x.to_cyclotomic_field().minpoly()
True

sage: x = E(3)
sage: x.minpoly() == x.to_cyclotomic_field().minpoly()
True

sage: x = E(3)
sage: x.minpoly(var='y') == x.to_cyclotomic_field().minpoly(var='y')
True

norm_of_galois_extension()

Returns the norm as a Galois extension of $$\QQ$$, which is given by the product of all galois_conjugates.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: E(3).norm_of_galois_extension()
1

sage: E(6).norm_of_galois_extension()
1

sage: (E(2) + E(3)).norm_of_galois_extension()
3

support()

Returns the support of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()
sage: E(6).support()
[(3, 2)]

to_cyclotomic_field()

Returns self in CyclotomicField.

Warning

This method raises an error if self.parent() does not have the standard embedding

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: E(5).to_cyclotomic_field()
zeta5


This method is as well used to convert to a cyclotomic field:

sage: CF = CyclotomicField(5)
sage: CF(E(5))
zeta5


CyclotomicField

UniversalCyclotomicField.an_element(order=3)

Returns an element of self of order order.

Parameters: order (integer; optional, default:3) – a positive integer.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: UniversalCyclotomicField().an_element()
E(3)

sage: UniversalCyclotomicField().an_element(order=6)
-E(3)^2

sage: UniversalCyclotomicField().an_element(order=10)
-E(5)^3

UniversalCyclotomicField.characteristic()

Returns 0 which is the characteristic of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()
sage: UCF.characteristic()
0

UniversalCyclotomicField.degree()

Returns the degree of self as a field extension over the Rationals.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()
sage: UCF.degree()
+Infinity

UniversalCyclotomicField.from_base_ring(coeff)

Returns the base ring element coeff as an element in self.

Parameters: coeff – A rational number.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: x = UCF.from_base_ring(2); x
2
sage: x.parent()
Universal Cyclotomic Field

UniversalCyclotomicField.from_cyclotomic_field(elem)

Returns the element in self coming from the element in NumberField_cyclotomic.

Parameters: elem – an element of NumberField_cyclotomic

Warning

This method raises an error if self does not have the standard embedding.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: a = CyclotomicField(6).gen(); a
zeta6
sage: UCF.from_cyclotomic_field(a)
-E(3)^2


An example with another embedding:

sage: a = CyclotomicField(5,embedding=CC(exp(4*pi*I/5))).gen(); a
zeta5
sage: UCF.from_cyclotomic_field(a)
E(5)^2


TESTS:

sage: UCF.from_cyclotomic_field(4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: The given data (4) is not a cyclotomic field element.

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField(embedding=None);
sage: a = CyclotomicField(5).gen()
sage: UCF.from_cyclotomic_field(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: This method can only be used if Universal Cyclotomic Field uses the standard embedding.

UniversalCyclotomicField.from_gap(elem)

Returns the element in self obtained from the gap by executing string.

Parameters: string – string representing an element in the universal cyclotomic field

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()
sage: UCF.from_gap(gap("-E(3)^2"))
-E(3)^2

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()
sage: UCF.from_gap(gap("E(3)^2"))
E(3)^2

sage: UCF.from_gap(gap("1/6*E(3)")) # testing a former bug
1/6*E(3)

UniversalCyclotomicField.gen(n, k=1)

Returns $$\zeta^k$$ living in UniversalCyclotomicField, where $$\zeta$$ denotes the primitive $$n$$-th root of unity $$\zeta = exp(2 \pi i / n)$$.

Parameters: n (integer) – positive integer. k (integer; optional, default 1) – positive integer.

Note

• For the mathematical description of the Zumbroich basis and the algorithmic behind, see [Bre97].
• This function behaves exactly like the Cyclotomics in GAP.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: E(3) # indirect doctest
E(3)
sage: E(6) # indirect doctest
-E(3)^2
sage: E(12) # indirect doctest
-E(12)^7
sage: E(6,2) # indirect doctest
E(3)
sage: E(6)^2 # indirect doctest
E(3)

UniversalCyclotomicField.is_finite()

Returns False as self is not finite.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()
sage: UCF.is_finite()
False

UniversalCyclotomicField.is_prime_field()

Returns False since self is not a prime field.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()
sage: UCF.is_prime_field()
False

UniversalCyclotomicField.is_subring(other)

Returns True if self is a subring of other.

Warning

Currently, it is only checked if self is other!

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: UCF.is_subring(UCF)
True

sage: UCF.is_subring(CC)
False

UniversalCyclotomicField.monomial(mon, check=True)

Returns the monomial in self associated to mon in the Zumbroich basis.

Parameters: mon – an element in the Zumbroich basis check (Boolean; optional, default:True) – if True, the monomial is checked to be in the Zumbroich basis

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: UCF.monomial((1,0))
1

sage: UCF.monomial((4,2))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The given data is not a monomial of the universal cyclotomic field.

UniversalCyclotomicField.one()

Returns the one in self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()
sage: UCF.one()
1

UniversalCyclotomicField.prime_subfield()

Returns $$\QQ$$ which is the prime subfield of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()
sage: UCF.prime_subfield()
Rational Field

UniversalCyclotomicField.random_element(order=None)

Returns a (often non-trivial) pseudo-random element of self.

Parameters: order (integer or None; optional, default:None) –

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: UCF.random_element() # random
3*E(7)^2 + E(7)^3 + 2*E(7)^4 - 5*E(7)^5

sage: UCF.random_element(order=4) # random
-3*E(4)

sage: UCF.random_element(order=12) # random
E(12)^7 - 4*E(12)^8 + E(12)^11

UniversalCyclotomicField.sum(L)

Returns the sum of all elements (which must be coerceable into self) in L.

Parameters: L – list or tuple of elements in self

Note

Faster than the usual sum as operated directly on dictionaries, as all steps are done together.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF.<E> = UniversalCyclotomicField()

sage: UCF.sum([ E(i) for i in range(1,5) ])
E(12)^4 - E(12)^7 - E(12)^11

UniversalCyclotomicField.zero()

Returns the zero in self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()
sage: UCF.zero()
0

UniversalCyclotomicField.zumbroich_basis(n)

Returns the Zumbroich basis of order n.

The Zumbroich basis is a linear basis of the universal cyclotomic field that behaves very well with considering an primitive $$d$$-th root of unity as a (non primitive) $$kd$$-th root. See [Bre97] for further details.

Parameters: n – positive integer

OUTPUT:

• the set of elements in the universal cyclotomic field forming the Zumbroich basis of order $$n$$.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()
sage: UCF.zumbroich_basis(8)
{E(8)^3, E(4), E(8), 1}

sage: UCF.zumbroich_basis(9)
{E(9)^5, E(9)^4, E(3)^2, E(3), E(9)^7, E(9)^2}

UniversalCyclotomicField.zumbroich_basis_indices(n)

Returns the indices of the Zumbroich basis of order n.

The Zumbroich basis is a linear basis of the universal cyclotomic field that behaves very well with considering an primitive $$d$$-th root of unity as a (non primitive) $$kd$$-th root. See [Bre97] for further details.

Parameters: n – positive integer

OUTPUT:

• a set of tuples $$(n,k)$$ of all elements in the Zumbroich basis of order $$n$$.

EXAMPLES:

sage: UCF = UniversalCyclotomicField()
sage: UCF.zumbroich_basis_indices(8)
{(8, 1), (8, 3), (8, 0), (8, 2)}

class sage.rings.universal_cyclotomic_field.universal_cyclotomic_field.ZumbroichBasisIndices

This class is a thin wrapper to work with indices in the Zumbroich basis.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.rings.universal_cyclotomic_field.universal_cyclotomic_field import ZumbroichBasisIndices

sage: ZumbroichBasisIndices()
The indices of the Zumbroich basis


One can ask for an element to play with:

sage: a = ZumbroichBasisIndices().an_element(); a
(12, 4)


The element a is indeed an element of this class:

sage: a.parent()
The indices of the Zumbroich basis


And one can check if an element is indeed contained in the Zumbroich basis:

sage: a in ZumbroichBasisIndices()
True

sage: (12,4) in ZumbroichBasisIndices()
True

class Element

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.structure.element_wrapper import DummyParent
sage: a = ElementWrapper(DummyParent("A parent"), 1)


TESTS:

sage: TestSuite(a).run(skip = "_test_category")

sage: a = ElementWrapper(1, DummyParent("A parent"))
doctest:...: DeprecationWarning: the first argument must be a parent
See http://trac.sagemath.org/14519 for details.


Note

ElementWrapper is not intended to be used directly, hence the failing category test.

ZumbroichBasisIndices.an_element()

Returns an element of the Zumbroich basis.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.rings.universal_cyclotomic_field.universal_cyclotomic_field import ZumbroichBasisIndices
sage: a = ZumbroichBasisIndices().an_element(); a
(12, 4)

ZumbroichBasisIndices.indices(n, m=1)

Returns the list of tuples $$(n,k)$$ such that the set $$\zeta_n^k$$ form a Zumbroich basis for $$QQ(\zeta_n)$$ over $$QQ(\zeta_m)$$.

Parameters: n – positive integer m (optional, default:1) – positive integer dividing n

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.rings.universal_cyclotomic_field.universal_cyclotomic_field import ZumbroichBasisIndices

sage: ZumbroichBasisIndices().indices(6)
{(6, 4), (6, 2)}
sage: ZumbroichBasisIndices().indices(12)
{(12, 7), (12, 4), (12, 11), (12, 8)}
sage: ZumbroichBasisIndices().indices(24)
{(24, 19), (24, 8), (24, 17), (24, 16), (24, 14), (24, 1), (24, 22), (24, 11)}

sage.rings.universal_cyclotomic_field.universal_cyclotomic_field.get_parent_of_embedding(embedding)

Returns the parent of an element in the image of embedding.

Parameters: embedding – A function from the positive integers $$\{1,2,3,\ldots\}$$ into a common parent

If the images are in a real or complex field, then it creates an image into a lazy field.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from sage.rings.universal_cyclotomic_field.universal_cyclotomic_field import get_parent_of_embedding

sage: get_parent_of_embedding(lambda n: QQbar.zeta()^n)
Algebraic Field

sage: get_parent_of_embedding(lambda n: CC(exp(2*pi*I/n)))
Complex Lazy Field


#### Previous topic

Base class for finite field elements